Planning and Developing a Bikeable City
Bike Network Principles
Schneider, R. J., R. Sanders, F. Proulx, and H. Moayyed. “United States fatal pedestrian crash hot spot locations and characteristics.” Journal of Transport and Land Use 14, no. 1 (2021): 1–23. https://jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/1825.
Designing for All Ages & Abilities
Barajas, Jesus M. “Biking where Black: Connecting transportation planning and infrastructure to disproportionate policing.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 99 (October 2021). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920921003254#ab010.
Kroman, David. “Nearly half of Seattle’s helmet citations go to homeless people.” Crosscut, December 16, 2020. https://crosscut.com/news/2020/12/nearly-half-seattles-helmet-citations-go-homeless-people.
Jaffe, Eric. “An Explanation for the Gender Gap in Biking.” Bloomberg City Lab, February 19, 2013. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-02-19/an-explanation-for-the-gender-gap-in-biking.
McEwen, Lauren, and Michael Livingston II. “D.C. groups help female cyclists, others learn how to handle street harassment.” The Washington Post, November 29, 2013. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/dc-groups-help-femalecyclists-others-learn-how-to-handle-street-harassment/2013/11/29/677e8bdc-4faf-11e3-9fe0-fd2ca728e67c_story.html.
Raifman MPP, Matthew A., and Ernani F. Choma PhD. “Disparities in Activity and Traffic Fatalities by Race/Ethnicity.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 63, no. 2 (June 2022): 160-167. https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(22)00155-6/fulltext.
Case Studies
City of Providence, Rhode Island. “Great Streets.” https://www.providenceri.gov/planning/great-streets/.
City of Providence, Rhode Island. “Great Streets Prioritization Methodology.” Providence, RI, 2022: Appendix D. https://www.providenceri.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Providence-Great-Streets-Plan-Appendix-D-Great-Streets-PrioritizationMethodology-1.pdf.
Oakland Department of Transportation. Let’s Bike Oakland: 2019 Oakland Bicycle Plan. OakDOT, 2019. https://www.oaklandca.gov/resources/bicycle-plan.
Seattle Department of Transportation. 2021-2024 Implementation Plan. SDOT, 2021. https://www.seattle.gov/documents/Departments/SDOT/BikeProgram/BMP_Imp_Plan_2021_FINAL.pdf.
Seattle Department of Transportation. Bicycle Master Plan. SDOT. https://www.seattle.gov/transportation/document-library/citywideplans/modal-plans/bicycle-master-plan.
Collaborative Planning
BlackSpace NYC. “BlackSpace Manifesto.” https://blackspace.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/BlackSpace-Manifesto.pdf.
Davis, Veronica. Inclusive Transportation: A Manifesto for Repairing Divided Communities. Island Press, 2023. https://islandpress.org/books/inclusive-transportation.
Design Justice Network. “Design Justice Network Principles.” https://designjustice.org/read-the-principles.
Detroit Urban Research Center. “Community-Based Participatory Research Principles.” https://www.detroiturc.org/about-cbpr/community-based-participatory-research-principles.
Groundwork USA. “Best Practices for Meaningful Community Engagement.” https://groundworkusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/GWUSA_Best-Practices-for-Meaningful-Community-Engagement-Tip-Sheet.pdf.
National Association of City Transportation Officials. Moving Together: Collaborating with Communities for More Equitable
Outcomes. NACTO, 2023. https://nacto.org/moving-together/.
Toole Design. Engaging People with Disabilities in Street Planning and Design. Resource Guide Volume 2. Toole, 2020. https://tooledesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Toole-Design-Resource-Guide-vol2_20200727_ADA2.pdf.
TransitCenter and Center for Neighborhood Technology. Equity in Practice: Strengthening Transit Through Community Partnerships. 2024. https://transitcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Equity-in-Practice-2024_8x10_RGB_interactive.pdf.
U.S. Department of Transportation. “Promising Practices for Meaningful Public Involvement in Transportation Decision-Making.” USDOT, 2023. https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2023-11/Promising%20Practices%20for%20Meaningful%20Public%20Involvement_2023Update_FINAL.pdf.
Planning a Bike Network
Austin Transportation Department. “All Ages and Abilities Bicycle Priority Network.” https://austin.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=dba125033d42453491b36ea5fb935eea.
Baltimore City Department of Transportation. Baltimore Complete Streets Manual. City of Baltimore, 2021. https://transportation.baltimorecity.gov/sites/default/files/Baltimore%20Complete%20Streets%20Manual%20Final%20March%202021-compressed.pdf.
Boston Transportation Department. Everyone Deserves Safe Streets. City of Boston, 2022. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a90bff933db94496b6c4214caf17c706.
FC Moves. Fort Collins Active Modes Plan. City of Fort Collins, 2022. https://www.fcgov.com/fcmoves/active-modes-plan.
Federal Highway Administration. Guidebook for Measuring Multimodal Network Connectivity. USDOT, 2018. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/multimodal_connectivity/#toc502339741.
Components of a Connected Bike Network
National Association of City Transportation Officials. Designing For Small Things With Wheels. NACTO, 2023. https://nacto.org/publication/designing-for-small-things-with-wheels/.
Develop an Internal Strategic Plan
City of Atlanta, Georgia. One Atlanta: Strategic Transportation Plan. City of Atlanta, 2019. https://www.atlantaga.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/43742/637091918730400000.
City of Detroit. Strategic Plan for Transportation. City of Detroit, 2018. https://detroitmi.gov/sites/detroitmi.localhost/files/2018-10/Detroit-Strategic-Plan-For-Transportation.pdf.
Chicago Department of Transportation. City of Chicago Strategic Plan for Transportation. CDOT, 2021. https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/cdot/CDOT%20Projects/Strategic_Plan/Strategic_Plan_for_Transportation21.pdf.
Los Angeles Department of Transportation. Strategic Plan Update 2021-2023. https://ladot.lacity.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ladot-strategic-plan-2021-2023.pdf.
Oakland Department of Transportation. OakDOT Five-Year Accomplishments Report. OakDOT, 2022. https://cao-94612.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/documents/22-06-OakDOT-Five-Year-Accomplishments-2.pdf.
Bikeways
Design Guidance
British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Active Transportation Design Guide. Province of British Columbia, 2019 https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/funding-engagement-permits/grants-funding/cyclinginfrastructure-funding/active-transportation-guide/2019-06-14_bcatdg_compiled_digital.pdf.
City of Ottawa. Ottawa Protected Intersection Design Guide. 2021. https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/protectedintersection_dg_en.pdf.
CROW-Fietsberaad. Design Manual for Bicycle Traffic. 2016. https://crowplatform.com/product/design-manual-for-bicycle-traffic/.
Department for Transport. Cycle Infrastructure Design. Department for Transport, 2020. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/951074/cycle-infrastructure-design-ltn-1-20.pdf.
Dill, Jennifer, and Nathan McNeil. “Revisiting the Four Types of Cyclists: Findings from a National Survey.” Transportation Research
Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2587, no. 1 (2016). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2587-11.
Federal Highway Administration. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 11th Edition. USDOT, 2023. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_11th_Edition.htm.
Federal Highway Administration. Separated Bike Lane Planning and Design Guide. USDOT, 2015. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/separated_bikelane_pdg/.
Houston Public Works. Infrastructure Design Manual. City of Houston, 2023. https://www.houstonpermittingcenter.org/media/6371/download?inline.
Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Separated Bike Lane Planning & Design Guide. MassDOT, 2015. https://www.mass.gov/lists/separated-bike-lane-planning-design-guide.
McNeil, Nathan, Christopher M. Monsere, and Jennifer Dill. “Influence of Bike Lane Buffer Types on Perceived Comfort and Safety
of Bicyclists and Potential Bicyclists.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2520, no. 1 (2015). https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cengin_fac/221/.
Minneapolis Department of Public Works. City of Minneapolis Street Design Guide. https://sdg.minneapolismn.gov/design-guidance/introduction.
Ohio Department of Transportation. Multimodal Design Guide. ODOT, 2024. https://www.transportation.ohio.gov/working/engineering/roadway/manuals-standards/multimodal
Portland Bureau of Transportation. Portland Protected Bicycle Lane Planning and Design Guide. City of Portland, 2018. https://www.portland.gov/sites/default/files/2022/portland-protected-bicycle-lane-design-guide-v2021-050521-small.pdf.
Seattle Department of Transportation. Seattle Right-of-Way Improvements Manual. City of Seattle, 2017. https://streetsillustrated.seattle.gov/design-standards/.
Toronto Transportation Services. On-Street Bikeway Design Guidelines Chapters 1-3. City of Toronto, 2023. https://www.toronto.ca/ext/digital_comm/pdfs/transportation-services/On-Street-Bikeway-Design-Guidelines.pdf.
Design Controls
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, 4th Edition. AASHTO, 2012. https://epg.modot.org/files/9/97/641.1_Bicycle_Facilities_2021.pdf.
Department for Transport. Cycle Infrastructure Design. Department for Transport, 2020. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/951074/cycle-infrastructure-design-ltn-1-20.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Characteristics of Emerging Road and Trail Users and Their Safety. Publication Number FHWAHRT-04-103. USDOT, 2004. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/04103/index.cfm.
Hamidi, S, and R. Ewing. A National Investigation on the Impacts of Lane Width on Traffic Safety. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, November 2023: 3. https://narrowlanes.americanhealth.jhu.edu/report/JHU-2023-Narrowing-Travel-LanesReport.pdf.
MacArthur, John. “Are e-bikes faster than conventional bicycles?” Portland State University Transportation Research and Education Center, November 2014. https://trec.pdx.edu/blog/are-e-bikes-faster-conventional-bicycles.
Speed & Volume
National Association of City Transportation Officials. Streets for Pandemic Response and Recovery. NACTO, 2020. https://nacto.org/publication/streets-for-pandemic-response-recovery/.
Bikeway Operations
Schepers, J.P., P.A. Kroeze, W. Sweers, and J.C. Wüst. Road factors and bicycle motor vehicle crashes at unsignalized priority intersections. Accident Analysis & Prevention 43, no. 3 (May 2011): 853-861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.005.
Bike Transitions
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, 4th Edition. AASHTO, 2012. https://epg.modot.org/files/9/97/641.1_Bicycle_Facilities_2021.pdf.
National Cooperative Highway Research Program.Guide for Roundabouts. Research Report 1043. Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2023. https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications/27069
US Access Board. Public Right-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines. US Access Board, 2023. https://www.access-board.gov/prowag/.
Non-Visual Navigation
Bentzen, Beezy et al. Tactile Walking Surface Indicators in the United States and Internationally. National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research Grant #90IF0127. 2021. https://www.pedbikeinfo.org/cms/downloads/TWSI%20review-Bentzen-NIDILRR.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Accessible Shared Streets: Notable Practices and Considerations for Accommodating Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities. Publication Number FHWA-HEP-17-096. USDOT, 2017. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/accessible_shared_streets/.
Montgomery County, Maryland. Planning and Designing Streets to be Safer and More Accessible for People with Vision Disabilities. https://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/DOT/Resources/Files/MC%20Designing%20Streets%20for%20PVD%20
Toolkit_20211007_ADA.pdf
O’Brien S.W. et al. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired. TCRP Research Report 248. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2024. https://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/183248.aspx.
US Access Board. Public Right-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines. US Access Board, 2023. https://www.access-board.gov/prowag/.
Low-Speed, Low-Volume Streets
23 CFR Chapter 1 Subchapter G Part 655 Subpart F. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-23/chapter-I/subchapter-G/part-655/subpart-F.
Alta Planning + Design. Advisory Bike Lanes in North America Lessons Learned. Alta, 2017. https://altago.com/resources/advisory-bikelanes-north-america/.
Brady, John, Jeff Loskorn, Alison Mills, Jen Duthie, Randy Machemehl. Effects of Shared Lane Markings on Bicyclist and Motorist Behavior along Multi-Lane Facilities. The University of Texas at Austin Center for Transportation Research, 2010: 527. https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Effects-of-Shared-Lane-Markings-on-Bicyclist-and-Motorist-Behavior-along-Multi-LaneFacilities.pdf.
City of Somerville. Somerville Bicycle Network Plan. 2023. https://voice.somervillema.gov/13778/widgets/42028/documents/41597.
Federal Highway Administration. Accessible Shared Streets: Notable Practices and Considerations for Accommodating Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities. Publication Number FHWA-HEP-17-096. USDOT, 2017. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/accessible_shared_streets/.
Federal Highway Administration. Small Town and Rural Multimodal Networks. Publication Number. FHWA-HEP-17-024. USDOT, 2016: 2-12. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/small_towns/?gl=11hpk0g3gaNDQ0Njg4OTkzLjE3MTA4NjU1Njc._ga_VW1SFWJKBB*MTcxMzkwNDg4MS4xMS4xLjE3MTM5MDUzNTAuMC4wLjA.
Federal Highway Administration. Developing Crash Modification Factors for Bicycle-Lane Additions While Reducing Lane and Shoulder Widths. Publication Number FHWA-HRT-21-012. USDOT, 2021. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/21012/21012.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Developing Crash Modification Factors for Separated Bicycle Lanes. Publication Number. FHWAHRT-23-078. USDOT, 2023. https://highways.dot.gov/media/33856.
Federal Highway Administration. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 11th Edition. USDOT, 2023. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_11th_Edition.htm.
Federal Highway Administration. Road Diet Informational Guide. Publication Number FHWA-SA-14-028. USDOT, 2014: 6. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/road_diets/guidance/info_guide/rdig.pdf.
Furth, Peter, Daniel Dulaski, Mapolo Buessing, and Parham Tavakolian. “Parking Lane Width and Bicycle Operating Space.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2190, no. 1 (2010): 45. https://doi.org/10.3141/2190-06.
Hamidi, S, and R. Ewing. A National Investigation on the Impacts of Lane Width on Traffic Safety. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School
of Public Health, November 2023: 3. https://narrowlanes.americanhealth.jhu.edu/report/JHU-2023-Narrowing-Travel-LanesReport.pdf.
McNeil, Nathan, Christopher M. Monsere, and Jennifer Dill. “Influence of Bike Lane Buffer Types on Perceived Comfort and Safety of Bicyclists and Potential Bicyclists.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2520, no. 1 (2015). https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cengin_fac/221/.
National Association of City Transportation Officials. Streets for Pandemic Response and Recovery. NACTO, 2020. https://nacto.org/publication/streets-for-pandemic-response-recovery/.
National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Recommended Bicycle Lane Widths for Various Roadway Characteristics. Report 766. Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2014. https://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/171010.aspx.
Park, Juneyoung, and Mohamed Abdel-Aty. “Application of Random Effects Nonlinear Model for Analyzing Motorized and Nonmotorized Traffic Safety Performance.” Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems 147, no. 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000485.
Schimek, Paul. “Bike lanes next to on-street parallel parking.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 120 (November 2018): 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.08.002.
Tait, Caroline, Roger Beecham, Robin Lovelace, and Stuart Barber. “Contraflows and cycling safety: Evidence from 22 years of data
involving 508 one-way streets.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 179 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106895.
Toronto Transportation Services. On-Street Bikeway Design Guidelines Chapters 1-3. City of Toronto, 2023. https://www.toronto.ca/ext/digital_comm/pdfs/transportation-services/On-Street-Bikeway-Design-Guidelines.pdf.
Protected Bike Lanes
23 CFR Chapter 1 Subchapter G Part 655 Subpart F. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-23/chapter-I/subchapter-G/part-655/subpart-F.
Federal Highway Administration. Developing Crash Modification Factors for Separated Bicycle Lanes. Publication Number. FHWAHRT-23-078. USDOT, 2023. https://highways.dot.gov/media/33856.
Federal Highway Administration. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 11th Edition. USDOT, 2023. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_11th_Edition.htm
Hamidi, S, and R. Ewing. A National Investigation on the Impacts of Lane Width on Traffic Safety. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, November 2023: 3. https://narrowlanes.americanhealth.jhu.edu/report/JHU-2023-Narrowing-Travel-LanesReport.pdf.
Marshall, Wesley E., and Nicholas N. Ferenchak. “Why cities with high bicycling rates are safer for all road users.” Journal of Transport & Health 13 (June 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.03.004.
Teschke, Kay et al. “Route Infrastructure and the Risk of Injuries to Bicyclists: A Case-Crossover Study.” American Journal of Public Health 102, no. 12 (2012): 2336–2343. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3519333/.
US Access Board. Public Right-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines. US Access Board, 2023: Section R310.2.1 Dimensions. https://www.access-board.gov/prowag/technical.html#r31021-dimensions.
Paths
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, 4th Edition. AASHTO, 2012. https://epg.modot.org/files/9/97/641.1_Bicycle_Facilities_2021.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 11th Edition. USDOT, 2023. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_11th_Edition.htm.
Federal Highway Administration. “Shared-Use Path Level of Service Calculator.” USDOT, 2006. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/pedbike/05138/.
Federal Highway Administration. Small Town and Rural Multimodal Networks. Publication Number. FHWA-HEP-17-024. USDOT, 2016. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/small_towns/?gl=11hpk0g3gaNDQ0Njg4OTkzLjE3MTA4NjU1Njc._ga_VW1SFWJKBB*MTcxMzkwNDg4MS4xMS4xLjE3MTM5MDUzNTAuMC4wLjA.
Ohio Department of Transportation. Multimodal Design Guide. ODOT, 2024: Shared Use Paths. https://www.transportation.ohio.gov/working/engineering/roadway/manuals-standards/multimodal/05/05.
Transit Stops
O’Brien S.W. et al. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired. TCRP Research Report 248. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2024. https://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/183248.aspx.
TransLink and the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Design Guide for Bus Stops Adjacent to Cycling Infrastructure. 2024. https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/Translink-design_guide_bus_stops_adjacent_to_cycling.pdf.
US Access Board. Public Right-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines. US Access Board, 2023. https://www.access-board.gov/prowag/.
Intersections
Designing Safe Intersections
Alta Planning + Design. Corner Design for All Users. Alta, 2020. https://altago.com/wp-content/uploads/Corner-Design-for-All-Users_Alta_Oct-2020.pdf.
Campbell, Nicholas. “Dissecting the Safety Benefits of Protected Intersection Design Features.” Master’s Project, University of Massachusetts Amherst Graduate School, May 2019. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=cee_transportation.
City of Toronto, Transportation Services. Road Engineering Design Guidelines 6.0 Curb Radii. City of Toronto, 2018. https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/90c8-Curb-Radii-Guideline-Version-1.1.1-May-2018.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Crash Modification Factor for Corner Radius, Right-Turn Speed, and Prediction of Pedestrian Crashes
at Signalized Intersections. Publication Number FHWA-HRT-21-105. USDOT, 2022. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/21105/21105.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Impact of Intersection Angle on Highway Safety. Publication Number FHWA-HRT-20-067. USDOT, 2023. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/
kno_11th_Edition.htm
Federal Highway Administration. Safety Evaluations of Innovative Intersection Designs for Pedestrians and Bicyclists. Publication
Number FHWA-HRT-23-052. USDOT, 2023. https://highways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/files/FHWA-HRT-23-052.pdf.
Fitzpatrick, Kay, and William Snyder. Turn Speeds and Crashes Within Right-turn Lanes. Texas Transportation Institute, 2004. https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4365-4.pdf.
Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering and Los Angeles Department of Transportation. City of Los Angeles Supplemental Street Design
Guide. 2020. https://ladot.lacity.gov/sites/default/files/documents/supplemental-design-guide-073020.pdf.
Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Separated Bike Lane Planning & Design Guide. MassDOT, 2015. https://www.mass.gov/lists/separated-bike-lane-planning-design-guide.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. “Fatality and Injury Reporting System Tool.” https://cdan.dot.gov/query.
New York City Department of Transportation. Cycling at a Crossroads: The Design Future of New York City Intersections. NYCDOT, 2018. https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/cycling-at-a-crossroads-2018.pdf.
The Ontario Traffic Control Council. Protected Intersection Guide. OTC, 2023. https://ontario-traffic-council.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2023/09/OTC-Protected-Intersection-Guide-Final.pdf.
Transportation Association of Canada. Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Canada, 6th Edition. TAC, 2021. https://www.tacatc.ca/en/publications/ptm-mutcdc21-e.
Unsignalized Intersections
Alta Planning + Design. Bicycle Detection. Alta, 2021. https://altago.com/wp-content/uploads/Alta-Bike-Detection-White-PaperJuly-2021-1.pdf.
Alta Planning + Design. Corner Design for All Users. Alta, 2020. https://altago.com/wp-content/uploads/Corner-Design-for-All-Users_Alta_Oct-2020.pdf.
Bike Delaware. “Delaware Yield Crash Data.” https://www.bikede.org/delaware-yield-crash-data/#page-content.
British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Active Transportation Design Guide. Province of British Columbia, 2019. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/funding-engagement-permits/grants-funding/cyclinginfrastructure-funding/active-transportation-guide/2019-06-14_bcatdg_compiled_digital.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Crosswalk Marking and Selection Guide. Publication Number FHWA-HEP-23-043. USDOT, 2023.
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/resources/crosswalk_marking_selection_guide.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Developing Crash Modification Factors for Mini-Roundabouts. Publication Number FHWAHRT-23-019. USDOT, 2023. https://highways.dot.gov/media/33861.
Federal Highway Administration. Improving Intersections For Pedestrians And Bicyclists Informational Guide. Publication Number FHWA-SA-22-017. USDOT, 2022. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/about/fhwasa22017.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 11th Edition. USDOT, 2023. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_11th_Edition.htm.
Federal Highway Administration. Road Diet Informational Guide. Publication Number FHWA-SA-14-028. USDOT, 2014. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/road_diets/guidance/info_guide/rdig.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. “Safe Transportation for Every Pedestrian Countermeasure Tech Sheet: Raised Crosswalk.” Publication Number FHWA-SA-18-063. USDOT, 2018. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/step/docs/techSheet_RaisedCW2018.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Safety Evaluations of Innovative Intersection Designs for Pedestrians and Bicyclists. Publication Number FHWA-HRT-23-052. USDOT, 2023. https://highways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/files/FHWA-HRT-23-052.pdf.
Geruschat, Duane, and Shirin Hassan. “Driver Behavior in Yielding to Sighted and Blind Pedestrians at Roundabouts.” Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 99, no. 5: 286-302 (2005). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0145482X0509900504.
Johnson, Todd Robert. “Safety at Half-Signal Intersections in Portland, Oregon.” M.S. diss. Portland State University, 2015.
https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2200/.
Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Guidelines for the Planning and Design of Roundabouts. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2022. https://www.mass.gov/doc/massdot-guidelines-for-the-planning-and-design-of-roundabouts/download.
National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Guide for Roundabouts. Research Report 1043. Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2023: Section 10.4.5.https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications/27069.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. “Bicyclist ‘Stop-As-Yield’ Laws and Safety Fact Sheet.” USDOT, 2023. https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/2023-03/Bicyclist-Yield-As-Stop-Fact-Sheet_032123_v5_tag.pdf.
Roadway Safety Institute. Evaluation of R1-6 Gateway Treatment Alternatives for Pedestrian Crossings: Follow Up Report. Publication Number CTS 17-05. Center for Transportation Studies at University of Minnesota, 2017. https://cts-d8resmod-prd.oit.umn.edu/pdf/cts-17-05.pdf.
City of Salt Lake City. Neighborhood Byway Facility Guidelines. 2024. https://www.slc.gov/transportation/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2024/06/SLC-Byways-Design-Guidelines-v3.pdf.
Singleton, Patrick, and Niranjan Poudel. Investigating Bicyclist Safety Perceptions and Behaviors at Roundabouts. Publication Number MPC-603. Mountain Plains Consortium, 2024. https://www.ugpti.org/resources/reports/downloads/mpc24-516.pdf.
US Access Board. Public Right-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines. US Access Board, 2023. https://www.access-board.gov/prowag/.
Signalized Intersections
Alta Planning + Design. Bicycle Detection. Alta, 2021. https://altago.com/wp-content/uploads/Alta-Bike-Detection-White-PaperJuly-2021-1.pdf.
Boston Transportation Department. “Signal Operations Design Policy.” City of Boston, 2023. https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/file/2023/05/BTD%20Signal%20Policy%205-19-2023.pdf.
Boudart, Jesse, et al. “Improving Bicycle Detection Pavement Marking Symbols to Increase Comprehension at Traffic Signals.” ITE Journal 87, no. 3 (2017): 29-34.
Boudart, Jesse, et al. “Assessment of Bicyclist Behavior at Traffic Signals with a Detector Confirmation Feedback Device.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2520, no. 1 (2015): 61-66. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2520-08
Dunn, M. R., et al. “Data-Driven Methodology for Prioritizing Traffic Signal Retiming Operations.” Transportation Research Record 2673, no. 6 (2019): 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119843236.
Federal Highway Administration. Desktop Reference for Crash Reduction Factors. Publication Number FHWA-SA-08-011. USDOT, 2008.
https://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/collateral/FHWA_Desktop_Reference_Guide.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. “Intersection Case Study: Permissive/Protected Left-Turn Phasing.” Publication Number FHWASA-09-015. USDOT, 2010. https://highways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/files/FHWASA09015_intersection6.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Safety Evaluation of Protected Left-Turn Phasing and Leading Pedestrian Intervals on Pedestrian Safety. Publication Number FHWA-HRT-18-044. USDOT, 2018. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/18044/index.cfm.
Federal Highway Administration. Separated Bike Lane Planning and Design Guide. USDOT, 2015. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/separated_bikelane_pdg/.
Madsen, T.K.O., and H. Lahrmann. “Comparison of five bicycle facility designs in signalized intersections using traffic conflict studies.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 46, pt. B (2017): 438-450. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369847816300705.
Mansell, Robert et al. “Investigating factors that affect conflicts between bicyclists and right turning vehicles at signalized intersections.” Traffic Safety Research 6 (2024).. https://tsr.international/TSR/article/view/24748/22776.
Milligan, C., D. Passmore, A. Pushka. “Advancing North American design practices to mitigate bicycle right-hook conflicts.” MicroTraffic Road Safety Video Analytics, 2022.
Monsere, Christopher, Sirisha Kothuri, and David S. Hurwitz. “An Assessment of Bicycle Detection Confirmation and Countdown Devices.” PSU Transportation Seminars, 2021. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1209&context=trec_seminar.
Monsere, Christopher M., et al. Contextual Guidance at Intersections for Protected Bicycle Lanes. Publication Number NITC-RR- 987. National Institute for Transportation and Communities, 2019. https://doi.org/10.15760/trec.241.
Monsere, C. M., McNeil, N. W., & Sanders, R. L. “User-Rated Comfort and Preference of Separated Bike Lane Intersection Designs.” Transportation Research Record 2674, no. 9 (2020): 216-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120927694.
New York City Department of Transportation. Cycling at a Crossroads: The Design Future of New York City Intersections. NYCDOT, 2018.
https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/cycling-at-a-crossroads-2018.pdf.
New York City Department of Transportation. “Don’t Cut Corners: Left Turn Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Study.” NYCDOT, 2016.
https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/left-turn-pedestrian-and-bicycle-crash-study.pdf.
Oakland Department of Transportation. “Lake Merritt BART Intersection Improvements Evaluation Report.” OakDOT, 2020. https://cao94612.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/Lake-Merritt-BART-Intersection-Improvements_V4.pdf.
San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. “9th and Division Street Protected Intersection Fact Sheet.” SFMTA, 2017. https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/reports-and-documents/2018/03/9th_division_fact_sheet.pdf.
Maintenance and Operations
Maintenance
National Association of City Transportation Officials. “Case Studies: Downsized Street Maintenance Vehicles.” NACTO, 2019. https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/191017_Volpe_CaseStudies_updatedEOD-3.pdf.
National Association of City Transportation Officials. Material Success. NACTO, 2023. https://nacto.org/publication/material-success/
National Association of City Transportation Officials. Optimizing Large Vehicles for Urban Environments. NACTO, 2018. https://nacto.org/optimizing-large-vehicles/.
Bikeways and Construction Management Plans
City of Austin, Texas. Transportation Criteria Manual. City of Austin, 2022: Subsection 8.3.3 Bicyclist Considerations. https://library.municode.com/tx/austin/codes/transportation_criteria_manual?nodeId=TRCRMA_S8TETRCO_8.3.0TRCOPL_8.3.3BICO.
Denver Department of Transportation and Infrastructure. Rules and Regulations Pertaining to the Issuance of Permits by the City
Traffic Engineer. City and County of Denver, 2022. https://denvergov.org/files/assets/public/v/2/doti/documents/regulations/dotirr-022.3_issuance_of_permits_by_the_city_traffic_engineer.pdf.
Denver Department of Transportation and Infrastructure. General Traffic Control Procedures for Street/Public Occupancy Permits.
https://www.denvergov.org/files/assets/public/v/2/doti/documents/permits/dotipt-116.1_traffic_control_procedures.pdf.
Federal Highway Administration. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 11th Edition. USDOT, 2023. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.
gov/kno_11th_Edition.htm.
New York City Department of Transportation. “Guidelines for the Maintenance and Protection of Traffic Plan for Cycling.”
NYCDOT, 2019. https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/bike-mpt-guidelines.pdf.
San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. Regulations for Working in San Francisco Streets. City and County of San
Francisco, 2022. https://www.sfmta.com/reports/construction-regulations-blue-book
US Access Board. Public Right-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines. US Access Board, 2023. https://www.access-board.gov/prowag/.
Bike Parking
Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals. “Essentials of Bike Parking: Selecting and Installing Bike Parking that Works.” APBP, 2015. https://www.apbp.org/assets/docs/EssentialsofBikeParking_FINA.pdf.
National Association of City Transportation Officials. Shared Micromobility Permitting, Process, and Participation. NACTO, 2022.
https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022_NACTO_UBDG_Regulating-Micromobility.pdf.